اِسْمُ الإِشَارَة — Demonstrative Pronouns
Words used to point to something near (this/these) or far (that/those). They are definite (مَعْرِفَة) by nature.
Very frequent in Qur'an
Common
| Arabic | Translit. | Meaning | Used for |
|---|---|---|---|
| هَذَا | Hādhā | This | Masculine, singular, near |
| هَذِهِ | Hādhihi | This | Feminine, singular, near |
| هَؤُلَاءِ | Hā'ulā'i | These | Plural (m. or f.), near |
| ذَلِكَ | Dhālika | That | Masculine, singular, far |
| تِلْكَ | Tilka | That | Feminine, singular, far |
| أُولَئِكَ | Ulā'ika | Those | Plural (m. or f.), far |
Key takeaway: اِسْمُ الإِشَارَة is مَعْرِفَة (definite) — it doesn't need ال. Compare: هَذَا كِتَابٌ = "this is a book" vs هَذَا الْكِتَابُ = "this book".
اِسْمُ الْمَوْصُول — Relative Pronouns
A noun that refers back to a preceding noun. Translated "who" for people, "which / that" for non-humans. Always followed by صِلَة الْمَوْصُول (the descriptive clause).
| Arabic | Translit. | Meaning | Used for |
|---|---|---|---|
| الَّذِي | Alladhī | Who / that / which | Masculine singular |
| الَّتِي | Allatī | Who / that / which | Feminine singular & non-human plural |
| الَّذِينَ | Alladhīna | Those who | Masculine plural (humans) |
| اللَّاتِي | Allātī | Those who (f.) | Feminine plural (humans) |
| مَنْ | Man | Who, the one who | Rational beings (humans, jinn, angels) |
| مَا | Mā | What, that which | Non-rational (things, animals, plants) |
Formula: اِسْمُ الْمَوْصُول + صِلَة الْمَوْصُول. Example: اللهُ الَّذِي خَلَقَ الْإِنْسَانَ — "Allah, who created mankind."
Like demonstratives, relative pronouns are also definite (مَعْرِفَة).
Like demonstratives, relative pronouns are also definite (مَعْرِفَة).
الظُّرُوف — Adverbs of Time & Place
A ظَرْف is a noun that denotes the time or place of an action. Literally "a container" — the time/place where the action is contained. By default they are mansūb (accusative).
| Arabic | Translit. | Meaning | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| فَوْقَ | Fawqa | Above, over | Place |
| تَحْتَ | Taḥta | Under, beneath | Place |
| أَمَامَ | Amāma | In front of | Place |
| خَلْفَ | Khalfa | Behind, after | Place / time |
| بَيْنَ | Bayna | Between | Place |
| قَبْلَ | Qabla | Before | Time |
| بَعْدَ | Ba'da | After | Time |
| عِنْدَ | 'Inda | Near, with, at | Place / possession |
| مَعَ | Ma'a | With | Companionship |
| دُونَ | Dūna | Besides, other than | Exclusion |
Note: Because ظُرُوف are nouns, they decline (i.e. change endings). Their default ending is fatha (mansūb): فَوْقَ, تَحْتَ, بَيْنَ.
ظَرْف + الضَّمَائِر الْمُتَّصِلَة — Adverb with Attached Pronoun
When an attached pronoun joins an adverb, the adverb keeps its fatha and the pronoun suffix is added. Example: عِنْدَ + هُ → عِنْدَهُ ("with him / near him").
| Pronoun | Meaning | عِنْدَ near |
مَعَ with |
فَوْقَ above |
تَحْتَ under |
قَبْلَ before |
بَعْدَ after |
بَيْنَ between |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ـهُ | him | عِنْدَهُ | مَعَهُ | فَوْقَهُ | تَحْتَهُ | قَبْلَهُ | بَعْدَهُ | بَيْنَهُ |
| ـهَا | her | عِنْدَهَا | مَعَهَا | فَوْقَهَا | تَحْتَهَا | قَبْلَهَا | بَعْدَهَا | بَيْنَهَا |
| ـهُمْ | them (m.) | عِنْدَهُمْ | مَعَهُمْ | فَوْقَهُمْ | تَحْتَهُمْ | قَبْلَهُمْ | بَعْدَهُمْ | بَيْنَهُمْ |
| ـهُنَّ | them (f.) | عِنْدَهُنَّ | مَعَهُنَّ | فَوْقَهُنَّ | تَحْتَهُنَّ | قَبْلَهُنَّ | بَعْدَهُنَّ | بَيْنَهُنَّ |
| ـكَ | you (m.) | عِنْدَكَ | مَعَكَ | فَوْقَكَ | تَحْتَكَ | قَبْلَكَ | بَعْدَكَ | بَيْنَكَ |
| ـكِ | you (f.) | عِنْدَكِ | مَعَكِ | فَوْقَكِ | تَحْتَكِ | قَبْلَكِ | بَعْدَكِ | بَيْنَكِ |
| ـكُمْ | you (pl.) | عِنْدَكُمْ | مَعَكُمْ | فَوْقَكُمْ | تَحْتَكُمْ | قَبْلَكُمْ | بَعْدَكُمْ | بَيْنَكُمْ |
| ـي / ـنِي | me | عِنْدِي | مَعِي | فَوْقِي | تَحْتِي | قَبْلِي | بَعْدِي | بَيْنِي |
| ـنَا | us | عِنْدَنَا | مَعَنَا | فَوْقَنَا | تَحْتَنَا | قَبْلَنَا | بَعْدَنَا | بَيْنَنَا |
Note on "me": with the first-person singular, the adverb ending changes to kasra and the ي is added: عِنْدَ → عِنْدِي ("with me"). Same for مَعِي, فَوْقِي, etc.
Note on بَيْنَ: "between us" / "between them" naturally implies more than one — بَيْنَنَا = "between us", بَيْنَهُمْ = "between them".
Note on بَيْنَ: "between us" / "between them" naturally implies more than one — بَيْنَنَا = "between us", بَيْنَهُمْ = "between them".
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Question 1
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Qur'an Frequency Analysis — القرآن الكريم
Occurrence counts across all 6,236 verses. Includes standalone forms and prefixed forms (و / ف / ب / ل).